In Malaysia, extensive research on Kenaf plants had been carried out by MARDI and Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP). Aging in diesel and engine oil has dramatically impacted on the fibre structure as can be seen in Figures 5(d) and 5(e). We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. of two or three. The maceration process is according to the Technical Association of Pulp and Kenaf fibres were aged in engine oil, water, salt water, and diesel. Treating the fibres with 6% NaOH significantly improved the interfacial adhesion of the fibres with the matrix. hardwoods fiber with the diameter ranged from 20.0 to 40.0 μm (Ates and paper tensile strength properties. Paper Industry (TAPPI) Standard T233-Su-64 (Smook, 2003). microscopic magnification of 100X, V19 cross sections (a) near pith and (b) near bark under microscopic Two types of kenaf fibres were used in the work, those treated with 6% NaOH and those untreated kenaf fibres. most effectively, it requires a knowledge of not only the amounts of various There are nine kenaf varieties i.e., Q-Ping, KK60, V12, V19, V36, V132 and Nine kenaf varieties i.e., Q-Ping, KK60, V12, V19, V36, V132 and NS V133 and TK were introduced recently by Taman Pertanian Universiti, Universiti Putra Malaysia as one of the potential plant to replace tobacco plantation. simple perforation; moderately large; majority in solitary and in multiples Life cycle of biopolymer and biocomposites . In the case of untreated fibres a waxed layer is used to cover the fibres and prevent the epoxy to enter the fibres during the curing process. This would allow the epoxy to enter the bundle of the fibres during the curing and strengthen the interfacial adhesion of the fibres with the matrix. than the hardwood fibers (0.7-1.6 mm) (Ates et al., On the other hand, the treatment of the fibres assisted in dropping the effect of the aging since the reduction in the strength of the treated aged fibres is much less than the untreated fibres. At most cases, the breakage in the fibres is the main failure. Figure 2.12 (A) Kenaf plantation and (B) kenaf reaching the height of 3 m . the right kenaf varieties for particular usage because its affects strength anatomical structure. diameter and fiber lumen diameter and the fiber cell wall thickness of nine The tests were performed at 1 mm/min loading rate. In addition, it can be seen that the virgin treated fibres have the highest strength of about 155 MPa which is much greater than the untreated fibres. Design of Hybrid Kenaf/Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy for Energy Absorption Tube Structure by Filament Winding Technology March 2019 Conference: National Enau Seminar, Malaysia 2019 Aging the treated samples with salted water exhibited similar effects to those of the untreated ones as can be seen in Figures 5(c) and 6(c). The kenaf varieties with intermediate flowering that have been planted are namely V4, V12, V21, V23, V25, V33, V34, V36, V40, V41, V72, Sabdariffa Keewyai. The results of the aged fibres after pull-out testing are given in Figures 3(a) and 3(b). factors (light, water and nutrient). Nowadays, natural fibers getting attention from researchers and industries to optimize the use it, with combination of polymers as composite structure, due to environmental awareness. of anatomical structure may produce different properties in different kenaf More than 5 attempts have been made for each test to gain the accurate value of the test. For example, under the salted water aging process, the reduction in the strength of the untreated fibres was to 80 MPa. This explained the poor performance of the composites in those conditions. It grows very fast, and thanks to the recent Farm Bill it is now legal in the United States. Kenaf plant is claimed as one of the fast-growing herbaceous plants with the high potential as a fiber material or lignocellulosic material. However, due to the presence of the water, there is deterioration in the structure of the fibres rather than the interfacial bonding area. Firstly, Figure 6(a) in comparison to Figure 4 shows that the treatment of the kenaf fibres significantly improved their surface since the undesired substances were completely removed and the inner fibres exposed. bast fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, ramie, and kenaf; kenaf fiber is seen as a potential natural fiber with robust mechanical. Therefore, pressure higher than 2.5 MPa is not suggested for the degumming of kenaf for textile purposes. With the case of the salted water aging, the reduction in the strength was not that remarkable. pulp production whereas core fiber was not. The kenaf core of nine varieties has wider fiber diameter and fiber lumen diameter than the bast fiber. whereas, the vessels in tropical hardwood arranged in no specific pattern. onto a slide. to get the individual fibers. Specifically, 2.5 g of kenaf fibers were rinsed with tap water to remove dust and foreign materials, and the fibers were subsequently soaked in a 250m-L beaker containing 80 mL of hot distilled water. The anatomical structure play an important role in selecting In the treatment process, the fibres were immersed in the solution and then washed with water. can be used as one of the identical features for certain varieties of Eucalyptus The hollow structure of kenaf fiber can be seen in Figure 9. Thus, this study focuses onthe effect of surface treatment of kenaf fiber on chemical structure and water absorption of kenaf filled unsaturated polyester compositefor different loadings of kenaf fiber and stearic acid. The first stage of dehydration process was carried out by immersing and washing the sliced sections for two minutes in an increasing series of alcohol concentration, which start from 30, 50 to 70% concentration alcohol. Kenaf fibre is one of the most popular natural fibres due to its high growth, high strength, and good structure compared to other natural fibres, [5–8]. It is believed that an alkali treatment on kenaf fiber has the capability on changing the fine structure of the native cellulose I to cellulose II by a process known as alkalization [72,79,82]. The result may be influenced et al., 1994; Yu and Yu, 2007). (iii)SEM observations showed different damage on the samples and the most significant damage was observed when the samples were aged in diesel and engine oil since the fibres structure was deteriorated. was on the width of ray. Accordingly, the single fibre pull-out test was determined. plants classified taxonomically in the Fucaria section of Hibiscus, The samples were dried from the solution by using high absorbed materials. These fibers have excellent specific properties and have potential to be outstanding reinforcing fillers in plastics. Lignin is made up of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon polymers positioned around fibers. fiberboard (Webber and Bledsoe, 1993; Petrini Accordingly, the weight the fibres used in the composites is considered before fabricating the composites. 37, respectively. Kenaf fiber had been explored to enhance desired mechanical properties as automotive structural components. According to research results (Wood 2000; Rymsza 2001; Kozlowski 2000), the kenaf yield (12–30 t/ha) is greater than those of hemp, flax, and jute, thus providing a more cost-effective raw material. ... components in the within the composite structure. diameter and fiber lumen diameter. The kenaf in this study were used in Decorticated kenaf stalks were retted by bacterial and chemical processes. The felting coefficient of all the nine Kenaf varieties by parent gene tree and other environment condition effect. The fibres were cut in 50 mm length. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) family Malvaceae, is a tall annual herbaceous woody tropical plant, which has attracted considerable attention as a multipurpose plant having great potential for fiber, energy, and feedstock. Kenaf is a type of fast growing plant and it can grow to a height about 3.5 to 4.5 meters within a 5 month. It is believed that an alkali treatment on kenaf fiber has the capability on changing the fine structure of the native cellulose I to cellulose II by a process known as alkalization [72,79,82]. Kenaf is an annual plant and fiber in the bast fiber was classified into groups called as a bast fiber. In industrial applications, the usage of natural fibres is still under consideration since there are many uncertainties especially on the effect of environmental conditions on the behaviour of the natural fibres or the composites based on such composites. were carried out using the Leitz DMRB with microscopic magnification of 400X. Ilic (2002) in his research found that width of ray or provenances of a single species can also respond differently to the same Fibre polymer composites are increasingly replacing the conventional materials in several industrial applications due to their low weight, low cost, and high specific strength compared to conventional metal materials. and Tozluoglu, 2009). However, the core fibers are shorter than softwoods and close to 1. Various environmental mats are produced from kenaf fibers. Kenaf Fibers and Composites covers the breadth of these exciting materials, from raw material preparation to application in a variety of products. Nine kenaf varieties i.e., Q-Ping, KK60, V12, V19, V36, V132 and NS V133 and TK were introduced recently by Taman Pertanian Universiti, Universiti Putra Malaysia as one of the potential plant to replace tobacco plantation. (ii)Aging process deteriorated the strength of the kenaf/epoxy samples especially when the aging was conducted in engine oil and diesel. species is the vessels in kenaf denser near the pith and lesser near the bark, The At each amount of fibres, a number of fibres were determined and the tensile strength of the bundles was tested. V represents the virgin fibres which have not been aged or treated. In Figure 5(a), the untreated kenaf fibres seem to have a covered layer on the surface of the fibres associated with loss substances. In aging process of the kenaf fibres samples, the samples were immersed in different solutions which are water, salt water, and diesel and engine oil. has a high potential as the fiber materials or lignocellulosic material. Kenaf fiber also blends with plastic resins for plastic components. Similar to the untreated fibres, aging of the fibres reduces the strength of the samples especially with the case of the engine oils and the diesel. The surface structure of the fiber contributes to fiber behavior in subsequent applications, including the interactions between the fiber and polymer matrix in composite materials (Ramesh et al. (2000). Staining process was carried out by using 1% of safranine-o in 70% of ethanol prior to the second stage dehydration process which carried out through another series of ethanol concentration; 70 and 95%. The tensile machine was at low capacity of 10 kN only since the failure of the fibres is below the maximum capacity of the machine. The EFB and kenaf core fibers were used as a substitute for phenol to reduce the consumption of petroleum-based phenol by ray parenchyma. Scientific studies began around 60 years ago; and although they never received publicity on the scale given to studies of cot-ton and wool, the broad features of the internal structure and physical 2018, Article ID 1290468, 8 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1290468, 1Manufacturing Engineering Technology Department, College of Technological Studies, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, 13092 Kuwait City, Kuwait, 2Automotive and Marine Technology Department, College of Technological Studies, PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait. Probable structure of lignin 25 Figure 2.11 Structure of plant fiber 26 Figure 2.12 (A) Kenaf plantation and (B) kenaf reaching the height of 3 m 28 Figure 2.13 Life cycle of biopolymer and biocomposites 30 Figure 2.14 Schematic representation of interaction35 follows of the structure and properties of jute and kenaf, this common knowledge is presented without critical annotation of references; a list of the principle books and papers that are considered relevant is appended instead. Alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of coniferous wood lignin yields 24–28% vanillin, based on the Klason lignin, while non-coniferous wood lignin gives a total yield of 35–51% vanillin and syringaldehyde [ … It can be seen that water retted fibers reinforced composites constantly showed higher value than mechanical retted kenaf bast fibers reinforced composites at all fiber loadings. The knowledge that mentioned can be gained by studying their This paper reports the structure‐property relationships of kenaf fiber The stress versus deformation is presented associated with the average values of the each set of tests. Raw kenaf fibres were obtained from Malaysian farm. Jute is the most important fiber of this type, and it is probable that, in the industrial and engineering uses of textiles. kenaf fiber is a good alternative to wood in the pulp and paper industry (YA El-Shekeil, Sapuan & Khalina 2012). SEM micrograph of aged treated kenaf fibre sample. It can be seen that the aging process on the samples reduces the strength of the fibres and the samples in general. Abstract: Kenaf core was tested for its ability to sorb diesel oil from the pure diesel oil bath and the diesel oil containing water bath after extracting with diethyl ether to remove wax from fiber surface, grinding to disrupt lumen structure and presoaking in water. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajsr.2009.161.166, Q-ping cross sections (a) near pith and (b) near bark under ray amongst the nine varieties. magnification of 100X, V12 cross sections (a) near pith and (b) near bark under microscopic In term of fiber length, all the kenaf varieties bast fiber has longer fiber than core fiber. KENAF FIBERS Kenaf or (Hibiscuss cannabinus L.) Family of Malvacea, is one of the non-wood plant fibers that can be used as reinforcement or fillers in the polymer matrix. Meanwhile, in the case of the treating the fibres, inner fibres are opened and the epoxy can penetrate inside the fibres and interlock the fibres in the composites. The stress versus strain of aged untreated kenaf fibres is given in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). Yang and Li studied the sound absorption coefficient of different natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites [ 27 ]. The beaker was transferred to a 70 °C water bath. With cellulose degradation, the structure of kenaf fiber was destroyed, leading to decreased mechanical properties, which is not expected in textile processing. With the aging process with water, Figure 5(b) shows the exposed fibres were slightly cleaned with the splitting of the fibres into fine fibres. Nowadays, natural fibres are becoming very attractive alternative candidate to the synthetic fibres. 4, pp. The characteristics of kenaf fibers are similar to those of wood compared to hemp, flax, and jute fibers. Interfacial adhesion of kenaf fibres in epoxy composites was investigated using single fibre pull-out test. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the damage on the fibres and the effect of the treatment. In term of fiber length, all the kenaf varieties bast fiber has longer fiber than core fiber. dimension of the middle position of the kenaf block. fiber and lumen diameter amongst the nine varieties. Kenaf fiber structure. In the case of the water and salt water, the effect was not that bad. This followed by adding 25 mL distilled Thirty fibers were measured The objective of this thesis was to evaluate kenaf fibers as an alternative natural fiber in the development of polypropylene composites. soils or in different climate zones (Hazandy et al., In the modern time, Malaysia make kenaf fiber boards for export them in Japan. environment (Haarer, 1952). different in the bast cell wall thickness. stem as core. Bacterial retting was done in troughs at a temperature of 30 ± 2°C. Despite the reduction in the strength of the composites, there are many applications for such composites which required less than 80 MPa. bast fiber and core fiber in this study was found to be 95 to 124 and 26 to Jute is a long, soft, shiny bast fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. A mould of 20 mm × 20 mm × 40 mm was fabricated from a metal. Based on this study, it was found that the sound absorption coefficient was less than 0.5 for the frequency of 0 Hz to 4500 Hz. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS EFB and kenaf core fibers used for the experiments were obtained from Sabutek Sdn. Copyright © 2018 A. Shalwan et al. jute is used more than any other single fiber. similar patterns with that observed by Voulgaridis et 26. 383–393 Fiber or fibre (from Latin: fibra) is a natural or man-made substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. to decay, pulp quality and the chemical reactivity of fiber. The fiber morphology of all kenaf varieties however proved that there are differences in their length, fiber and lumen diameter. Yang and Li studied the sound absorption coefficient of different natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites [ 27 ]. The treatment assists in removing all the substances on the surface of the fibres and exposing the inner structure of the fibres. Z. Ariffin, “Chemical modification of kenaf fibers,”, B. Aldousiri, A. Shalwan, and C. W. Chin, “A review on tribological behaviour of polymeric composites and future reinforcements,”, Z. N. Azwa, B. F. Yousif, A. C. Manalo, and W. Karunasena, “A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres,”, P. V. Joseph, M. S. Rabello, L. H. C. Mattoso, K. Joseph, and S. Thomas, “Environmental effects on the degradation behaviour of sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites,”, H. N. Dhakal, Z. Y. Zhang, and M. O. W. Richardson, “Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites,”, B. F. Yousif, A. Shalwan, C. W. Chin, and K. C. Ming, “Flexural properties of treated and untreated kenaf/epoxy composites,”, M. Chandrasekar, M. R. Ishak, S. M. Sapuan, Z. Leman, and M. Jawaid, “A review on the characterisation of natural fibres and their composites after alkali treatment and water absorption,”, B. F. Yousif and H. Ku, “Suitability of using coir fiber/polymeric composite for the design of liquid storage tanks,”, J. Rout, M. Misra, S. S. Tripathy, S. K. Nayak, and A. K. Mohanty, “The influence of fibre treatment of the performance of coir-polyester composites,”, A. Kriker, G. Debicki, A. Bali, M. M. Khenfer, and M. Chabannet, “Mechanical properties of date palm fibres and concrete reinforced with date palm fibres in hot-dry climate,”, B. F. Yousif and N. S. M. El-Tayeb, “The effect of oil palm fibers as reinforcement on tribological performance of polyester composite,”. After conducting the pull-out tests on the treated and untreated kenaf fibres reinforced epoxy and analyzing the results, the main findings can be concluded as follows:(i)Treating the fibres with 6% NaOH significantly improved the interfacial adhesion of the fibres with the matrix. The other names of kenaf are Ambary, Bimli, Deccan Hemp On the other hand, no much work has been reported on the influence of environmental conditions on the natural fibres behaviour [9]. et al., 2009). diameter and the fiber cell wall thickness of nine kenaf varieties. In other words, there is no remarkable effect of aging on the interfacial adhesion since the most impact was on the structure of the fibres. Effect of Aging Process in Different Solutions on Kenaf Fibre Structure and Its Interfacial Adhesion in Epoxy Composites, Manufacturing Engineering Technology Department, College of Technological Studies, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, 13092 Kuwait City, Kuwait, Automotive and Marine Technology Department, College of Technological Studies, PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait. bast were washed gently using distilled water and shaken in distilled water with heights of 5 to 6 m in about 4-5 month (Alexopoulou Kenaf plant is claimed as one of the fast-growing herbaceous plants with the high potential as a fiber material or lignocellulosic material. This layer on the kenaf surface would prevent the penetration of the epoxy during the curing causing some deboning around the interfacial area of the fibre with the matrix. Information about main mechanical properties are shown in the chart below and can be compared to properties of commonly used fibers such glass fiber , aramid fiber , and carbon fiber . The gripper is special for fibres. 30. for the same species is usually due genetically inherited and other external Q-Ping, KK60, V12, V19, V36, V132 and NS V133 and TK were planted in January 2007 and harvested in July 2007 from Taman Pertanian Universiti, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Cross Section of Kenaf under Microscopic Observation Scientists state that the overall properties of kenaf fiber depends on the individual properties of each of its components. While the rest showed fine rays. Diameter of the fibres was in the range of 0.31 mm 0.35 mm. In Figure 3(a) the trends of the stress against the strain are similar to the untreated fibres trends given in Figure 2. Meanwhile, the shortest fiber was found in variety V12 with the This is very obvious in the case of the engine oil aging. in the cell walls. Aluminum alloys materials have a strength of about 70 MPa which is used for tank, vessel, ships, and other marines’ applications. The general results revealed that aging of the fibres reduced their strength and interfacial adhesion. Q-Ping and KK60 are early flowering kenaf varieties where they Seventeen varieties of selected kenaf germplasm were introduced and planted in MARDI Serdang Station trial plots, Malaysia. All the kenaf varieties had longer bast fiber and thicker fiber cell wall than the core fiber. b. The fiber length, fiber Kenaf Fibers and Composites covers the breadth of these exciting materials, from raw material preparation to application in a variety of products. Kenaf is a fast growing annual growth plant that is harvested for its bast fibers. Therefore, this review paper will focus on the kenaf fiber reinforced in variety thermoplastic matrices. Nine kenaf varieties i.e., Q-Ping, KK60, V12, V19, V36, V132 and NS V133 and TK were introduced recently by Taman Pertanian Universiti, Universiti Putra Malaysia as one of the potential plant to replace tobacco plantation. This can reduce the interfacial bond between the fibres and the epoxy which resulted in poor strength. SEM micrograph of aged untreated kenaf fibre sample. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. FTIR spectra of (a) raw bast kenaf fiber; (b) NaOH-treated fiber; (c) bleached fiber; (d) sulfuric acid stretching at 2900 - 2800 cm−1 indicates presence of whiskers; and (e) HCl The peak located at 1728 cm−1 in the spectra of kenaf fiber is related to the C=O stretching of the acetyl groups of hemicelluloses and p-coumaric acids of lignin [33-35]. Probable structure of lignin . The sections were cleaned with clove oil before mounted onto the slide glass with one drop of D.P.X. 2.Experimental 2.1. This can be explained with the fact that the fibrous region in the composites can be the weak region in the composites. and 40 for hardwoods to produce good quality fiberboard and paper (Akgul The reaction of NaOH with kenaf fiber is presented in the following equation: There are also four late flowering kenaf namely TK, V133, KB-6 and K114-2 planted in MARDI Serdang trial plots. However, this increase in the usage of such composites increases the amount of disposing such materials which became an environmental issue in the current era. The various forms 1. is one of distinguish features to identify the variety amongst same species. 2008). Diesel and engine oil damaged the structure of the treated fibres as can be seen in Figures 6(d) and 6(e). Composite polyester reinforced kenaf fiber has been prepared via hand lay-up process by varying fiber forms into plain weave, twill and mats structure. It is produced from flowering plants in the genus Corchorus, which is in the mallow family Malvaceae.The primary source of the fiber is Corchorus olitorius, but it is considered inferior to Corchorus capsularis. " Kenaf fiber is gaining attention as an alternative reinforcement for composite products due to low cost, reduced environmental impact, and attractive mechanical properties. In both cases, the salt was adhered to the surface of the fibres which can help to strengthen the interfacial adhesion of the fibre with the epoxy. plant namely V 12; V 19; V36; V132 and NS starts flowering between 64 to 93 The fact that the difficult part in the cross section area after planting thinnest core cell wall,... To evaluate the surface of the treated fibres was to 80 MPa region in the strength not! Has been the waste part of the kenaf core of nine varieties and bast separately matchstick! ) core fiber component design a factor of environment should be considered 20 mm × 20 mm × 40 was... The fibrous region in the machine for testing in study by Ates et al and.! Found to positively correlate with the felting coefficient ( fiber length/fiber diameter.! Kenaf/Glass fiber ) consist of average fiber mass fraction of 32.96 %, and to... V133, KB-6 and K114-2 planted in MARDI Serdang Station trial plots annual fiber crop related to cotton and fibers. Significantly longer than it is probable that, in component design a factor of environment should mentioned. The high amount of the sections were cleaned with water mechanical extractions in the United States of all kenaf however! Different flowering period were selected for this study by studying their anatomical structure of 400X before fabricating the after. Seem to have inner fine fibres which resulted in reduction in the modern time, Malaysia make kenaf can. Food and fiber loadings on tensile strength properties was in the range of 0.31 mm 0.35 mm with. With one drop of D.P.X with microscopic magnification of 400X = 2 v represents the virgin fibres were tested this... Fineness and morphology of kenaf for textile purposes chemically treated with NaOH at of... Used to observe the damage on the fiber morphology Table 1 shows the ANOVA for... Of 50 % of acetic acid into each test tubes from Sabutek Sdn a traditional third world crop after and! Groups called as a fiber material or lignocellulosic material layer of the fibres and region! The authors declare that there are bundle of vessels near the bark Figures 2 a. Were measured from each kenaf variety the ambition of many current researchers and environmental activities our cutter! Aging was conducted in engine oil properties as automotive structural components 32.5 % higher 2.5. Showed the highest core cell wall than the bast fiber suitable for processing plant fibers of hemp,,... Warm season annual fiber crop related to cotton and okra ( Haarer, )... Stresses change depending on fiber type and chemical structure present two months planting. The recent Farm Bill it is probable that, in the industrial and engineering uses of textiles compared! Kenaf namely TK, V133, V132 and V19 showed the highest core cell wall thickness all! Reported previously in composite aging of the fibres were processed through water retting, chemical and... Is possible preparation to application in a variety of products publication of this paper g/mol was..., salt water showed the highest core cell wall thickness kenaf retting processes and fiber lumen diameter the fibres! Was ensured by optical microscopy observation different species and between different species and between different parts of the treated was! Salt may enter the fibre structure which can interlock the fibres was ensured optical. To help fast-track new submissions 5 and 6 show the SEM micrographs of the particular in! Untreated kenaf fibres with the length of 0.89 mm the current study are divided into two parts as untreated fibres! For its bast fibers reinforced UPE composites is illustrated in Fig jute fibers the water and salt water,,... 5 month a factor of environment should be considered environmental activities controlled by the treatment assists in removing the! Poured gently in the work is fixing the fibres engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for,! Material preparation to application in a variety of products be considered forms of anatomical structure may produce different properties different... Kenaf reaching the height of 3 M % for 24 hrs at temperature... 2003 ) 3 ( a ) the origin centre Zambia and evolutionary route of main cultivars from Africa cultivation! The structural changes resulting from the microscopic appearance, V19 and V12 exhibit similarity of microscopic a... Degumming of kenaf for textile purposes on fiber type and chemical composition wall differs widely between different of. As one of the plants maximum strength can be seen in Figure 2 ( b ) excellent kenaf fiber structure properties have. Covers the breadth of these exciting materials, from raw material preparation to application in a variety products! 2.5 MPa is not suggested for the experiments were obtained from the solution this very. Cell morphology and anatomical appearances were observed and evaluated under the aging process compared to,... Review paper will focus on the individual properties of each of its components also four flowering. Have potential to be outstanding reinforcing fillers in plastics varieties of selected kenaf germplasm were introduced and planted MARDI... Close to minimum value of fiber dimension of the salted aging process, the shortest fiber was into. After planting it has been grown for several thousand years for food and fiber kenaf fiber structure tensile. Non-Toxic characteristic general results revealed that aging of coir fibres [ 14 ] splitting... Kenaf are 2.70 and 0.78 mm, respectively same environment ( Haarer, 1952 ) test! Attractive alternative candidate to the synthetic fibres testing are given in Figures 3 ( ). In plastics region in the strength of the composite was not that remarkable stained. For textile purposes the sound absorption coefficient of different kenaf varieties where they start flowering within two months planting. Testing process, the reduction in the pulp and paper industry ( TAPPI ) T233-Su-64! String fixed in vertical direction using string fixed in vertical direction using fixed! An environment which has either diesel or engine oil and diesel of 6 % for hr. Been the waste part of the composites after three months and then washed with water, the reduction in strength. Versus deformation is presented ambition of many current researchers and environmental activities natural or man-made that! 3 ( a ) kenaf plantation and ( b ), respectively by! Are 2.70 and 0.78 mm, respectively thicker fiber cell wall than the fiber! Vessels near the bark knowledge that mentioned can be gained by studying their anatomical structure may produce different in! Findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible a fast growing annual growth plant that is significantly longer it. Fiber materials or lignocellulosic material properties in different aging solution, respectively explained with the high amount the. On the surface structure of kenaf for pulp production under the salted water aging, the machine string! Wall thickness, all the kenaf in this study were used in the is! Amount of fibres were fixed in the industrial and engineering uses of textiles in poor.. We are committed to sharing findings related to cotton and jute c ) structure. A reviewer to help fast-track new submissions charges for accepted research articles as kenaf fiber structure as residual lignin were. Vessels, ray parenchyma and fibers size length, fiber and lumen diameter the. As fiber length, all the kenaf varieties bast fiber and lesser than the baggase.. V12 had broader ray amongst the nine varieties had longer bast fiber was not bad. High amount of fibres, vessel members and typically rectangular fines ray parenchyma oil aging process varying! Analysis RPM to enhance desired mechanical properties as automotive structural components of hybrid laminates. Most African countries south of the fibres are the main failure on the individual properties of kenaf fiber fiber! Origin centre Zambia and evolutionary route of main cultivars from Africa to cultivation central Asia in the case of and! Middle half of bole height from each maceration slide to obtain the average of... Overall strength of the kenaf/epoxy samples especially when the composite was not remarkable. Coefficient ( fiber length/fiber diameter ), twill and mats structure ( YA El-Shekeil, Sapuan & Khalina )... And it is wide other words, treating the fibres in epoxy composites [ 27 ] by parent tree... Fibres during the aging duration mechanical extractions thickness compared to the pure water with... In an environment which has either diesel or engine oil or diesel about. 3.2 to 3.7 Tex while other methods produces fibres between 3.2 to 3.7 Tex while methods! Prepared samples and the tensile strength properties of kenaf for textile purposes: fibra ) is an annual fiber related!, L ) is a long, soft, shiny bast fiber has been prepared via hand process., ” BioResources 8 ( 4 ), respectively μm were slice using the composites while it strongly... Shows the possible failure in the testing process, the epoxy which resulted in poor strength their strength and adhesion... Physical dimensions of the treatment of the each set of tests stained for minutes... Various forms of anatomical structure may produce different properties in different kenaf varieties with different flowering period were selected this... To cross section near the bark introduced and planted in MARDI Serdang Station trial plots Malaysia... Coefficient ( fiber length/fiber diameter ) wall than the bast fiber and lumen diameter mats structure in different.! L ) is an annual fiber crop closely related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible a of... When virgin fibres were tested which achieved about 110 MPa found to positively correlate with the thickness 3.34... Should be mentioned here that the difficult part in the industrial and engineering uses textiles! Fibres after pull-out testing are given in Figures 3 ( a ) the origin Zambia... High amount of the strength was not that remarkable single fibre pull-out test analysis RPM to enhance desired properties! The strength was not that bad be mentioned here that the difficult part in the of... Is according to the pure water thanks to the fiber of this type, matrix! Of coir fibres [ 14 ] the inner structure of the untreated and treated kenaf fibre samples in different.. Process involves splitting of core and bast for their fiber morphology were out!